Well it's love it or hate, it seems we have a dictatorship - for a week. Using the enormous power granted to Judges, player Lindrum has effectively declared himself the sole arbiter of the rules of Nomic World! Do not panic, however! Lindrum has stated clearly his intention to step down from his position as President of the Interim Government in one weeks time, leaving in place a revised constitution including majority voting, protection against dictators (!!) and other bugs in the current rules. He has cordially invited all players to join the Interim Government to contribute their ideas to how we can improve the rules from their current sorry state. He hopes to offer a Draft constitition by Wednesday. I here include the text of Lindrum's historic document seizing power for himself "to make the game safe from tyranny"! There has never been a better time to log on to Nomic World, and join in the furore! See you there! Steve -------------------Text of President Lindrum's Judgement------------------ Lindrum's Judgement: Part 1 (Lindrum, Sep 27) Part 1: On the scope of this judgement. Evantine raises a question regarding the wording of Heffalump's Proposal 1004. Since 1004 was a proposed amendment to Rule 210, judgement of this matter will require clarification of Rule 210 and, as we shall see, various other rules on whose interpretation a proper understanding of Rule 210 and the present judgement will depend. Accordingly, I take the scope of my jurisdiction on the present matter to include the interpretation of any rules relevant to a proper understanding of this present judgement. This includes, but is in no way limited to, the interpretation of Rules 206, 210, and 102. Some comments in support of this statement of scope are appropriate here. Rule 206 states that: "Unless a judge is overruled, one judge settles all questions relevant to the disagreement which the judge was selected to settle, including questions as to their own legitimacy and jurisdiction as Judge." It is quite clear from this that any question of the scope of a Judge's jurisdiction is up to the Judge himself (and no-one else) to determine. Rule 206 also states that: "New Judges may, however, settle only those questions on which the players currently disagree." This might reasonably be taken to be an explicit limitation of the scope of jurisdiction of a New Judge. However Rule 206 defines a "New Judge" to be one who has been selected after a previous judgement has been overruled. I am not a New Judge. Lindrum's Judgement: Part 2 (Lindrum, Sep 27) Part 2: On the interpretation of Rule 210. Rule 210 is a rule that includes an explicit, though vague, limitation of the period of its own effect. It states: "Initially, proposals shall be adopted only by unanimous vote ... " In other words, Rule 210 concerns only what is to happen during the initial part of the Game. It says nothing at all about the criteria by which proposals are to be adopted once the initial phase of the Game is over. (Rule 102 has a similar limitation.) In order to understand Rule 210, then, we must clarify the meaning of the word "initially". One approach would be to interpret "initially" in this context as meaning "until this rule is changed". It is this Judge's firm and considered opinion, however, that such an interpretation is mistaken, since it would rob the word "initially" of any force whatsoever. In that sense, after all, every Rule of the Game would be "initial" and one might fairly ask why it is not the case that every rule begin, as Rules 210 and 102 do, with the word "initially". As a matter of general principle one ought to prefer an interpretation of a rule that ascribes some relevance to each word or phrase appearing in the rule's statement, over any interpretation on which that word or phrase is merely superfluous or otiose. Now the Rules of Nomic offer no precise answer to the question: when does the initial part of the Game end? Rule 206 states clearly that when the rules are "silent" or "unclear on the point at issue", then the issue is one for judgement. As indicated in Part 1 above, I judge the interpretation of Rule 210 to fall within the scope of my present jurisdiction, and hence I am required as Judge to make this point precise in a manner consistent with "common morality, common logic, and the spirit of the game". Realizing that the choice of any particular point in time would be somewhat arbitrary, but forced nevertheless to choose, I hereby declare that the initial part of the game will end at the time of posting of the final Part of this Judgement. I interpret Rule 210 as stating that from that time onwards Rule 210 is no longer in effect. Lindrum's Judgement: Part 3 (Lindrum, Sep 27) Part 3: On the spirit of the game The present Judgement does not involve the enactment, repeal, amendment, or transmutation of any rule. Any such thing would clearly be improper. The present Judgement does no more than to interpret the rules as they currently stand. While some details of my interpretation may be a controversial matter, it is uncontroversial that, according to the current rules, I have the right as a duly selected Judge to enforce an interpretation which has less than universal support, provided that the opposition I face is also less than universal. Some of you may doubt, however, that the present Judgement is really "in the spirit of the game". Let me explain why it is. Peter Suber's carefully framed Rules of Nomic were not only adapted for the purposes of this computer implementation, they were changed, and for the worse. Since the beginning of play it has been clear to me that there were several serious problems, for example with rules regarding judgement that allow a Judge legally to grant himself absolute power by interpretation. There seemed to me to be a very real threat that the first appointed Judge would seize control of the Game with evil intent. I have been very troubled about this, for it seems to me that the spirit of the Game is cooperative and democratic, not totalitarian. When by chance I was selected as Judge I decided after much soul-searching and careful thought that the only sure way to preserve the integrity of the game was to proceed in the present manner. Accordingly, I have done no more here than to lay bare what was already implicit in the Rules: that an appointed Judge may legally determine that he himself has absolute power. I am committed to changing this state of affairs. I shall move immediately following the posting of this judgement to establish a Seven Day Interim Government with temporary emergency powers. The Interim Government is committed to establishing majority rule at the end of a seven day period following the posting of this Judgement. The democratic forces seeking a move to majority rule have been systematically thwarted by the tyranny of a minority who insist on retaining a unanimity requirement. I solemnly pledge to you democrats that the Interim Government will be dissolved after one week, leaving in its place a set of rules free from the flaws uncovered in the present judgement, and according to which proposals will be adopted by majority rule subject to a quorum. I urge you all to take an active part in the operations of the Interim Government during the coming week. Lindrum's Judgement: Part 4 (Lindrum, Sep 27) Part 4: Clarification of the criterion for the adoption of proposals. Rule 210 ceases to be in force at the conclusion of the initial part game. The remaining rules of the game are "silent" and "unclear" on the way in which proposals might be legally adopted once Rule 210 is no longer in effect. Since this murky state of affairs is a direct consequence of the interpretation of the rules presented in the current judgement, it would be an abuse of my position as Judge were I not to clarify the situation. To leave the Game in complete chaos or subject to exploitation by a Judge less scrupulous than myself would be unconscionable. Thus I judge in accordance with Rule 206 that "common morality" and "the spirit of the game" leave me with no choice but to interpret the remaining rules collectively in the following way when it comes to the subject of the adoption of proposals: A proposal shall be adopted if and only if Lindrum approves it. Note the following crucial point. In stating this criterion I am not enacting, repealing, amending, or transmuting any rule. I am merely interpreting those rules that will remain in force once Rule 210 has suspended itself. The interpretation, though controversial, is strongly supported by the comments on the spirit of the game outlined in Part 3 above. As was stated in Part 1, I have judged the scope of my jurisdiction on the present matter to include the interpretation of any rules relevant to an understanding of this present judgement, so my right to interpret these rules is unquestionable. Furthermore, my position as an appointed Judge makes the criterion that I have offered here legally binding from the moment that the final part of this judgement is posted, subject, of course, to the possibility that this Judgement be overruled. Similarly, Rule 102 only deals the situation that obtains during the initial part of the game. Rule 102 says nothing about the status of Rules in the 100's and 200's after that point. I hereby judge that from the time of posting of the final part of this judgement, all the rules of the game are henceforth mutable. Lindrum's Judgement: Part 5 (Lindrum, Sep 27) Part 5: How this judgement may be overruled. Rule 206 states that: "The Judge's judgement may be overruled only by a unanimous vote of the other players." The rule is "silent" on the matter of a quorum for this vote. As stated in Part 1, I judge that matters concerning the interpretation of Rule 206 fall within the provenance of my present Judgement. I hereby interpret the quoted sentence as saying that the present Judgement may be overruled only by a unanimous vote of all registered players other than Lindrum. A unanimous vote that does not include every other player registerd as of the time of posting of the final part of this judgement will not overrule this Judgement. Furthermore, since neither this rule, nor any other rule, specifies a time period for overruling, I hereby judge that there shall be a time period of THREE MINUTES immediately following the posting of the final part of this judgement, during which any vote to overrule must be completed. If the present Judgement has not been overruled by the end of that period, then it cannot later be overruled. Addendum to Part 5: Since there appear to be technical problems with the newly created Judges' Noticeboard, and since the existence of that noticeboard may not yet have come to the attention of all registered players, and since the rules are silent and unclear on the question of the proper way to post Judge's Acceptances and Judgements, and since the matter is relevant to the present judgement and thus, by Part 1 above, within the proper scope of the present Judgement, I hereby judge that the general discussion noticeboard is an acceptable place on which to post such Acceptances and Judgements. Lindrum's Judgement: Part 6 [Final] (Lindrum, Sep 27) Part 6: Concluding Judgements In light of Parts 1 to 5 above, the issue between Heffalump and Evantine takes on a rather academic cast, being a dispute over the wording of a failed amendment to a rule that is about to suspend itself even as I write. However, the issue is of a kind that may arise again, and it would be remiss of me not to settle it here too. I find the wording of Proposal 1004 regrettably loose: Heffalump makes explicit mention of the word "unanimity" which occurs nowhere in Rule 210. The wording is, however, not such as to make the meaning of the Proposal unclear. Note that I make no appeal here to any consideration of the intentions of the framer of the proposal. Such intentions I judge to be irrelevant. The key point is that the meaning of the proposal as it satnds, or, rather, as it stood, is not such that reasonable people could disagree as to its interpretation. I have no doubt, in fact, that the meaning is quite clear to Evantine too. But of course that was not the reason for Evantine's having (quite properly) raised this issue, and indeed I thank Evantine for raising it. Nevertheless I am compelled to judge in favor of Heffalump in this dispute. Proposal 1004 was quite acceptable as it stood. End of Judgement. Lindrum, 27 September 1992. 6:35 p.m. Melbourne time.